Dive Into Python

def regressionTest():
    path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]))   
    files = os.listdir(path)                               
    test = re.compile("test\.py$", re.IGNORECASE)          
    files = filter(test.search, files)                     
    filenameToModuleName = lambda f: os.path.splitext(f)[0]
    moduleNames = map(filenameToModuleName, files)         
    modules = map(__import__, moduleNames)                 
load = unittest.defaultTestLoader.loadTestsFromModule  
return unittest.TestSuite(map(load, modules))          

Let's look at it line by line, interactively. Assume that the current directory is c:\diveintopython\py, which contains the examples that come with this book, including this chapter's script. As you saw in Section 16.2, “Finding the path”, the script directory will end up in the path variable, so let's start hard-code that and go from there.

Example 16.17. Step 1: Get all the files

>>> import sys, os, re, unittest
>>> path = r'c:\diveintopython\py'
>>> files = os.listdir(path)                               
>>> files 
['BaseHTMLProcessor.py', 'LICENSE.txt', 'apihelper.py', 'apihelpertest.py',
'argecho.py', 'autosize.py', 'builddialectexamples.py', 'dialect.py',
'fileinfo.py', 'fullpath.py', 'kgptest.py', 'makerealworddoc.py',
'odbchelper.py', 'odbchelpertest.py', 'parsephone.py', 'piglatin.py',
'plural.py', 'pluraltest.py', 'pyfontify.py', 'regression.py', 'roman.py', 'romantest.py',
'uncurly.py', 'unicode2koi8r.py', 'urllister.py', 'kgp', 'plural', 'roman',
'colorize.py']

files is a list of all the files and directories in the script's directory. (If you've been running some of the examples already, you may also see some .pyc files in there as well.)

Example 16.18. Step 2: Filter to find the files you care about

>>> test = re.compile("test\.py$", re.IGNORECASE)           
>>> files = filter(test.search, files)                      
>>> files                                                   
['apihelpertest.py', 'kgptest.py', 'odbchelpertest.py', 'pluraltest.py', 'romantest.py']

	This regular expression will match any string that ends with test.py. Note that you need to escape the period, since a period in a regular expression usually means “match any single character”, but you actually want to match a literal period instead.
	The compiled regular expression acts like a function, so you can use it to filter the large list of files and directories, to find the ones that match the regular expression.
	And you're left with the list of unit testing scripts, because they were the only ones named SOMETHINGtest.py.

Example 16.19. Step 3: Map filenames to module names

>>> filenameToModuleName = lambda f: os.path.splitext(f)[0] 
>>> filenameToModuleName('romantest.py')                    
'romantest'
>>> filenameToModuleName('odchelpertest.py')
'odbchelpertest'
>>> moduleNames = map(filenameToModuleName, files)          
>>> moduleNames                                             
['apihelpertest', 'kgptest', 'odbchelpertest', 'pluraltest', 'romantest']

	As you saw in Section 4.7, “lambda 関数を使う”, lambda is a quick-and-dirty way of creating an inline, one-line function. This one takes a filename with an extension and returns just the filename part, using the standard library function os.path.splitext that you saw in Example 6.17, “Splitting Pathnames”.
	filenameToModuleName is a function. There's nothing magic about lambda functions as opposed to regular functions that you define with a def statement. You can call the filenameToModuleName function like any other, and it does just what you wanted it to do: strips the file extension off of its argument.
	Now you can apply this function to each file in the list of unit test files, using map.
	And the result is just what you wanted: a list of modules, as strings.

Example 16.20. Step 4: Mapping module names to modules

>>> modules = map(__import__, moduleNames)                  
>>> modules                                                 
[<module 'apihelpertest' from 'apihelpertest.py'>,
<module 'kgptest' from 'kgptest.py'>,
<module 'odbchelpertest' from 'odbchelpertest.py'>,
<module 'pluraltest' from 'pluraltest.py'>,
<module 'romantest' from 'romantest.py'>]
>>> modules[-1]                                             
<module 'romantest' from 'romantest.py'>

	As you saw in Section 16.6, “Dynamically importing modules”, you can use a combination of map and __import__ to map a list of module names (as strings) into actual modules (which you can call or access like any other module).
	modules is now a list of modules, fully accessible like any other module.
	The last module in the list is the romantest module, just as if you had said import romantest.

Example 16.21. Step 5: Loading the modules into a test suite

>>> load = unittest.defaultTestLoader.loadTestsFromModule  
>>> map(load, modules)                     
[<unittest.TestSuite tests=[
  <unittest.TestSuite tests=[<apihelpertest.BadInput testMethod=testNoObject>]>,
  <unittest.TestSuite tests=[<apihelpertest.KnownValues testMethod=testApiHelper>]>,
  <unittest.TestSuite tests=[
    <apihelpertest.ParamChecks testMethod=testCollapse>, 
    <apihelpertest.ParamChecks testMethod=testSpacing>]>, 
    ...
  ]
]
>>> unittest.TestSuite(map(load, modules)) 

These are real module objects. Not only can you access them like any other module, instantiate classes and call functions, you can also introspect into the module to figure out which classes and functions it has in the first place. That's what the loadTestsFromModule method does: it introspects into each module and returns a unittest.TestSuite object for each module. Each TestSuite object actually contains a list of TestSuite objects, one for each TestCase class in your module, and each of those TestSuite objects contains a list of tests, one for each test method in your module.

Finally, you wrap the list of TestSuite objects into one big test suite. The unittest module has no problem traversing this tree of nested test suites within test suites; eventually it gets down to an individual test method and executes it, verifies that it passes or fails, and moves on to the next one.

This introspection process is what the unittest module usually does for us. Remember that magic-looking unittest.main() function that our individual test modules called to kick the whole thing off? unittest.main() actually creates an instance of unittest.TestProgram, which in turn creates an instance of a unittest.defaultTestLoader and loads it up with the module that called it. (How does it get a reference to the module that called it if you don't give it one? By using the equally-magic __import__('__main__') command, which dynamically imports the currently-running module. I could write a book on all the tricks and techniques used in the unittest module, but then I'd never finish this one.)

if __name__ == "__main__":                   
    unittest.main(defaultTest="regressionTest") 

Instead of letting the unittest module do all its magic for us, you've done most of it yourself. You've created a function (regressionTest) that imports the modules yourself, calls unittest.defaultTestLoader yourself, and wraps it all up in a test suite. Now all you need to do is tell unittest that, instead of looking for tests and building a test suite in the usual way, it should just call the regressionTest function, which returns a ready-to-use TestSuite.